International Journal on Culture, History, and Religion
The International Journal on Culture, History, and Religion, formerly The PASCHR Journal, is an open access journal that publishes research journal articles bi-annually. Articles published in this journal are peer-reviewed and typically come from the research papers presented at the Philippine Association for the Study of Culture, History, and Religion’s annual conference. This Journal Publication accepts articles with multidisciplinary interests on culture, history, and religion. Publication Frequency: Bi-annual (June and December) Email Address: ijchrjournal@gmail.com Special Issue: We welcome Special Issue proposals and publications all throughout the year. Send us your proposal to ijchrjournal@gmail.com
Cross and Crescent: Ethno-Religious Stereotypes and Self-Ethno-Religious Stereotypes of Muslims and Christians in Quiapo, Philippines
Quiapo is home to the Golden Mosque and the Quiapo Church, emphasizing the ethno-religious interactions of Muslims and Christians. Establishing from a modified version of the Katz and Braly (1933) trait list, this study aims to (1) share a profile of the ethno-religious stereotypes and self-ethno-religious stereotypes of the two ethno-religious groups, (2) determine the uniformity indices, (3) assess the positivity/negativity of the indices, (4) compare and differentiate their profiles of ethno-religious stereotypes and self-ethno-religious stereotypes, (5) compare and differentiate the uniformity indices of their ethno-religious stereotypes and self-ethno-religious stereotypes, and (6) compare and differentiate the positivity/negativity of the indices of their ethno-religious stereotypes and self-ethno-religious stereotypes. This study determines whether the two ethno-religious groups differ in how they create their own and each other's stereotypes, and provides the foundational data needed to comprehend the relationships between these same ethno-religious groups.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Leslie Anne L. Liwanag, Dr. Romeo J. Toring, Jr., , George Joseph S. Liwanag, M.S., Jonathan James O. Canete, LPT, MA, Lois Mauri Anne L. Liwanag https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Exploring the Experiences of College Students in Using ChatGPT as an Academic Support Tool: A Qualitative Study
The presence of AI-based chatbots such as OpenAI's ChatGPT has become more visible in academic spaces with the rising popularity of generative AI tools. Students can easily utilize AI to their advantage and this might create a scenario where faculty members are thrilled as well as anxious at the same time. To get a hold of the situation, college student perceptions and uses of ChatGPT in academic work are examined in this study. It mainly focuses on users' views, uses, experiences, moods, and moral reasoning. Ten students were purposively selected from various programs of study to take part in the semi-structured interviews that formed the research. The data collected was then analyzed for patterns and shared views using thematic analysis. Students had different opinions. Some students viewed GPT as a helpful tool for coming up with new ideas, checking grammar, and revising a lesson. Besides, the problem of AI reliance for information, false information, and the ethical issue of using AI-generated work for school purposes were also raised in the study. The research highlights the need for students' digital and ethical awareness. One of the recommendations made is for the institutions to draft guidelines, and organize training sessions so that students can make a reasonable and informed use of AI tools to accomplish their study goals.
Copyright (c) 2025 Najera Umpar, Soraya Umpar, Trish Anne Magsino, Don Emmanuel Nolasco, Daniel Abuton https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Cross-Cultural Comparison on Language Strategies in Tourism Advertising between Bali and Philippines: An Appraisal System Analysis
This study investigates how language constructs persuasion and cultural identity in Southeast Asian tourism advertising, focusing on Bali and the Philippines. The theory Appraisal System proposed by Martin & White (2005) is used to examine how attitude, engagement, and graduation as evaluative language are realized in tourism advertisements. Comparing how each culture expresses appreciation, social judgment, and emotion reveals the persuasive patterns as local values and identities in advertising. The mixed method is used to explain the data qualitatively in discourse analysis and quantitatively to count the frequency of appraisal categories. The findings contribute directly to Bali’s tourism promotion efforts on developing promotional media and offering practical guidelines for developing more persuasive and culturally resonant media language strategies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dewa Ayu Kadek Claria, I Gusti Ayu Agung Dian Susanthi, Ni Made Suwendri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Book of Purification and the Book of Prayer from “Al-Hashiyah Al-Bazzaziyyah” by Khayr al-Din al-Ramli al-Hanafi (d. 1081 AH): A Study and Verification
This study presents a critical edition and analytical examination of The Book of Purification and The Book of Prayer from the manuscript Al-Hashiyah al-Bazzaziyyah by Khayr al-Din al-Ramli al-Hanafi (d. 1081 AH). The significance of this research lies in the authentication and revival of unverified scholarly manuscripts, bringing their hidden wisdom to light and enriching contemporary scholarship with the voices of classical jurists long confined to archives. To the best of the researcher’s knowledge, this particular manuscript has not been previously verified, despite references to it in various catalogues. The study adopts a rigorous scientific method of textual verification, involving the comparison of two manuscript copies, documentation of textual variants, linguistic clarification of obscure expressions, and juristic analysis of the discussed issues, with reference to the opinions of the four major schools of Islamic law. The findings confirm the attribution of the work to its original author.
Copyright (c) 2025 Humam Zakir, Mahmoud Mohsen, Abed Mahmoud Aziz Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Visual Manifestations of COVID-19 in Global Contemporary Art: Artistic Responses During a Time of Isolation
The article discusses the visual representations of the COVID-19 pandemic in modern art globally, and the ways in which artists around the world responded to the pandemic using symbolic and expressive visual language. While the pandemic was a health crisis, it was culturally, psychologically, and socially oriented. The study applies a descriptive analytical method in examining five pieces of art from various countries that present diverse aesthetic, conceptual, and contextual approaches. The key findings are that artists presented isolation, fear, resilience, and transformation through a diverse range of mediums ranging from digital media, painting, to murals. The article identifies the creation of a new art discourse grounded in common trauma and a necessity to visually represent the social and emotional cost of the pandemic. In this, the article positions the role of contemporary art to document but also make sense of emotionally global crises.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sahba Youssef Yaqoub, Saba Youssef Yaqoub https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Eye-Tracking Evaluation of User Focus on Color-Coded Elements in Yi Graphics
Color-coded elements are commonly integrated into data visualizations to enhance clarity, direct user attention, and highlight critical information. This study examines the effectiveness of color coding in Yi Graphics, focusing on how different color applications influence user attention, perception, and cognitive load during data interpretation. Using eye-tracking technology, gaze patterns of 40 participants were recorded as they interacted with 10 Yi Graphics that displayed the same dataset through various formats, including bar charts, scatter plots, and line graphs. The study aimed to identify which color-coded elements attract the most attention, determine how color coding supports data comprehension, and assess the cognitive load experienced during visual processing. Results showed that color coding increased user attention toward key data points, although participants spent more time analyzing color-coded elements. Heatmaps and gaze plots indicated that warmer colors drew greater visual focus, particularly in simpler visualizations such as bar charts. Cognitive load was higher in complex formats like scatter plots, which affected accurate interpretation. Cultural differences also emerged: Western participants focused more on high-value points, while Eastern participants exhibited a more holistic viewing pattern. The study emphasizes the importance of thoughtful color usage to minimize user strain and improve interpretation. It also highlights the need for culturally adaptive color schemes, color-blind-friendly designs, and further research on interactive features to enhance accessibility. Overall, the findings present practical implications for improving color-based data visualization and guiding future design strategies across disciplines.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bo Yuan, Sakol Teeravarunyou https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analyzing Intervention Strategies for the Well-being of Adolescent Mental Health in the New Media Environment
The research study is focused on analyzing the intervention strategies for adolescents' mental well-being in the new media environment. It has suggested the best approaches to deal with the risks and improve the positive outcomes using digital media. The introduction chapter offers an overview of the significance of the research which is to develop an understanding of the mental health of adolescents in the context of the ever-changing digital environment. The next chapter on literature review offers a critical study of the subject using sources from different scholarly materials. The methodology chapter discusses the selection of research methods like content analysis data collection and thematic analysis for analyzing the websites and programs on digital intervention. This is followed by findings of the data based on themes that enable the fulfilment of research objectives. It is found that interventions like hybrid digital platforms and gamification among other intervention strategies help in therapeutic engagement and empower adolescents respectively. The discussion chapter further provided an analysis of the collected data in a critical manner. Finally, the conclusion highlights the significance of possible intervention strategies in future with the inclusion of policies and education in the context of the mental health of adolescents.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yuhan Duan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Internationalization in the Slovak Hospitality Industry
This paper examines the processes of cross-cultural adaptation and internationalization within the Slovak hospitality industry, exploring how hotel businesses expand beyond national borders while responding to diverse cultural contexts. The study integrates qualitative and quantitative approaches, combining case studies, comparative analysis, and statistical evaluation to provide a multidimensional understanding of cultural and managerial factors shaping international growth. Particular attention is given to entry strategies such as franchising, joint ventures, strategic alliances, and direct ownership, and how cultural compatibility, local traditions, and consumer behavior in target markets influence these. Findings reveal that Slovak hotel companies adopting culturally adaptive and network-based internationalization models achieve stronger brand acceptance, more resilient growth, and long-term sustainability compared with firms relying on standardized strategies. Empirical results confirm that sensitivity to cultural norms, investment in intercultural communication, and collaboration with local partners enhance the success of international expansion. Moreover, foreign acquisitions yield higher benefits than domestic growth, particularly in customer loyalty and service innovation. The paper highlights digitalization, sustainability, and cultural intelligence as critical drivers of competitiveness, while also recognizing barriers such as regulatory complexity and cultural distance. By linking the Uppsala and network models of internationalization with cross-cultural management theory, this research contributes to both the academic and practical understanding of how culture influences global expansion in hospitality.
Copyright (c) 2025 Iveta Ubreziova, Stefan Tkacik, Lukas Vartiak, Martina Chrancokova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Innovation Augmented Reality-based Culturally Charged Mathematics Teaching Materials for Students with Physical Disabilities
Students with disabilities need to receive a lot of attention in learning mathematics in a contextual and renewable way. Therefore, this study aims to develop culturally charged mathematics teaching materials based on Augmented Reality (AR) specifically for students with disabilities. Development was carried out using the Four-D (Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate) model, which focuses on inclusive and contextual learning needs. Participants include teachers, prospective teachers, subject matter experts, media experts, and inclusion schools. The study's results showed that at the definition stage, teachers with disabilities strongly agreed with the innovation of culturally charged mathematics teaching materials based on augmented Reality. In the design stage, we prepare flowcharts and storyboards and design disability-friendly AR interfaces and interactions. In the development stage, a prototype of teaching materials is produced that is validated by material and media experts with a high level of validity. The product was introduced to inclusion teachers, education volunteers, and prospective teachers in several regions at the dissemination stage. This study concludes that culturally charged mathematics teaching materials based on augmented Reality are very feasible to develop and use by students with disabilities in mathematics learning.
Copyright (c) 2025 Junarti, Anis Umi Khoirotunnisa', Cahyo Hasanudin, Anwarul Hidayat, Ayu Fitrianingsih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Predictive and Personalized Marketing: How AI and ML are Revolutionizing Sales on Social Media in Pune City
The haste with which Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) have been integrated into marketing strategies transformed how companies engage with their customers, through the social media platforms. The study is titled Predictive and Personalized Marketing: How AI and ML are Revolutionizing Sales on social media in Pune City and examines the effect of predictive analytics and personalized marketing on the perception of the customer, their trust, purchasing intentions, and sales outcomes. Primary data were collected using a mixed approach in which 250 respondents were obtained using structured questionnaires, but these data were complemented by semi-structured interviews. The quantitative research with the use of SPSS revealed that predictive analytics significantly facilitates perceptions of AI adoption, whereas customization significantly increases customer engagement and buying behavior. Trust turned out to be a critical intermediary, and the protection of privacy and openness were primary stimulus levers to adoption.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jairaj Sasane, Ganesh Waghmare, Arvind Burande , Sanket Charkha, Harshali Bhalerao, Pallavi Patil, Ashok Todmal, Shravasti Jain https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Exploring the Integration of Artificial Intelligence in Filipino Language Education: Enhancing Teaching Practices and Learning Outcomes in Higher Education Institutions
This study investigates the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Filipino language instruction in higher education, focusing on the perspectives of educators, the teaching strategies they employ, and the engagement of students in AI-assisted classrooms. Guided by a phenomenological qualitative approach, the research gathered data from Filipino language teachers, students, and administrators in selected higher education institutions through semi-structured interviews, classroom observations, and focus group discussions. The use of thematic analysis revealed several key insights. First, AI was found to enhance instructional efficiency by streamlining lesson delivery, automating assessment, and providing instant feedback that allows educators to better monitor student progress. Second, it facilitates personalized learning through adaptive platforms and interactive tools, giving students opportunities to learn at their own pace while fostering higher levels of motivation and participation. Respondents noted that gamified activities and AI-driven translations made complex texts, such as classical Filipino literature, more accessible. However, challenges remain. Limited AI training for teachers, technological constraints within institutions, and the scarcity of AI applications specifically designed for Filipino language education hinder widespread adoption. Moreover, educators emphasized the irreplaceable role of human instruction, particularly in guiding students to appreciate cultural and linguistic depth that AI cannot fully replicate. The findings highlight the importance of institutional support, equitable access to technological resources, and ethical integration of AI to ensure inclusivity. Overall, the study underscores AI’s potential as a complementary tool that, when thoughtfully applied, can strengthen pedagogy, promote cultural preservation, and support sustainable innovation in Filipino language education.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mishelle Jaramillo, Crisanta Baquiran, Charity Madayag, Cherry Alih, Alma Manera, Jesusie Ramones https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Navigating Change: A Phenomenological Exploration of E-Vehicle Use Among Commuters in Bustos, Bulacan
This study explored the lived experiences of daily commuters in Bustos, Bulacan regarding their transition to electric vehicle (e-vehicle) use, with the goal of examining the perceived benefits, challenges, and the broader social, environmental, and economic meanings attributed to this shift. Employing a qualitative phenomenological design, the study engaged 15 participants through purposive sampling. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted and analyzed using Colaizzi’s method to extract significant statements, formulate meanings, and generate thematic insights. Findings revealed three major themes: practicality and convenience in local travel, environmental awareness and emerging eco-consciousness, and adaptive challenges due to infrastructure limitations. Participants highlighted the economic relief gained from reducing fare and fuel expenses, and the convenience of short-distance mobility. E-vehicle use was perceived not only as a practical solution but also as a personal contribution to environmental sustainability and community well-being. However, commuters faced persistent barriers, including limited charging infrastructure and lingering social misconceptions about the reliability of e-vehicles. The study also uncovered a shift in commuter behavior—from passive reliance on traditional transport to a more active, mindful engagement in personal mobility. This transformation extended beyond behavior, as participants internalized roles as responsible, future-oriented citizens. The discussion aligned these findings with existing literature on sustainable mobility, highlighting both grassroots innovation and systemic gaps. The study concludes that the transition to e-vehicles in Bustos is a multi-dimensional phenomenon that reflects localized sustainability practices, economic adaptation, and the emergence of a socially engaged commuter identity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Romar Ignacio https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Practices Based - Workbook for Teaching Selected Topics in Science
This study developed and validated an Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Practices-Based Workbook for Teaching Selected Topics in Science 1. The workbook consisted of five sets of lessons, which were based on the Philippine Secondary Schools Learning Competencies and K–12 Curriculum. The IKSP-Based Workbook is a teaching material that utilizes cultural artefacts and cultural practices that make learning clear, and easily comprehensible to the learners. The workbook consists of four components: objectives, content, activities, and assessment. The study utilized the quantitative and qualitative methods which the data were gathered through a survey questionnaire and key informant interview with the cultural community. The ten (10) panel of experts who content-validated the IKSP-based workbook was composed of science experts who are secondary science teachers from Calanasan and Pudtol, Apayao, who belong to indigenous people. Using a five-point Likert’s scale checklist, the workbook was evaluated in terms of its four components and instructional characteristics. The data gathered from the content validation was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results indicated that the teacher-respondents degree of agreement on the developed instructional material is very high, as shown in the computed grand mean of 4.56 with its verbal description of being very satisfactory.
Philippine Secondary Schools Learning Competencies
Copyright (c) 2025 Ruth Tumaneng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Language Influenced by Culture: Acceptability of Philippine English Among English Language Major Students
This study investigates the acceptability of Philippine English (PhE) within the academic context among Filipino English as a Second Language (ESL) students. Employing qualitative research methods such as thematic analysis and content analysis, the research explores Filipino ESL students' perceptions of PhE and proposes a PhE-oriented Pedagogical Framework. The study reveals multifaceted understandings of PhE, encapsulated in themes like Varieties and Variations, Informality and Stereotype, Borrowing and Creation of Words, and Different Characteristics. Additionally, it identifies key factors influencing the acceptability of PhE, including Language Emphasis, Colloquial Spelling and Abbreviations, Introduction and Explanation Markers, and Grammatical Errors and Confusion. The conclusions drawn highlight the complex relationship between Filipino ESL students and their native English variety, emphasizing the necessity for nuanced pedagogical approaches.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hartwell Norman Merza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Determinants of Effectiveness of Bachelor in Secondary Education Major in Sciences in State Universities and Colleges in Region III
Science education in the Philippines, particularly in Region III, faces significant challenges due to diverse populations, historical reliance on rote learning, and disparities in resources. These issues contribute to low student performance in science, highlighting an urgent need for systemic reform and an enhanced teacher education program. This study examines how the level of accreditation, leadership practices of the school heads, performance of the science teachers, responsiveness of the curriculum, and scientific literacy of the students influence the effectiveness of the Bachelor of Secondary Education (BSED) major in Sciences in Region III. Effectiveness is measured by graduation rate and board examination passing rate, which are the Commission on Higher Education’s (CHED) thrusts for educational quality and excellence. Using a quantitative research method with a descriptive-correlational research design, 188 graduating science education students completed a self-made questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Spearman rho and the likelihood-ratio test. Results show that accreditation level negatively correlates with graduation rates but positively correlates with board examination passing rate. Scientific literacy positively correlates with and predicts graduation and board examination success. Curriculum responsiveness also predicts graduation rates. The study recommends exploring the potential indirect influence of school heads’ leadership practices and science teachers’ performance on graduation and board examination passing rates.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nestor Santos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessing Industry Partners Experience among BSBA OJT Students in Select Tertiary Education vis-à-vis Hiring Decisions in the Private Business Sector
Abstract In two main service lines—Business Banking & Finance (53% of respondents) and Business Marketing & Management (47%), this study examined at industry partners' expectations of cultural and traditional skills competencies and how they affect hiring decisions. According to the findings, both service lines place a high value on a well-rounded combination of technical, interpersonal, organizational, intellectual, and personal skills, with a particular emphasis on technical skills. While other competencies were rated as "extremely expected," intellectual skills were rated as "highly expected." An independent samples t-test revealed no statistically significant difference in expectations between service lines in Banking and Finance; Business Marketing and Management (p = 0.140). Hiring decisions were found to be consistent across service lines (χ²=24.5, df=16, p=0.078) and years of operation (χ²=19.2, df=15, p=0.206), according to the results of the study. The integrated nature of technical and soft skills in recruitment is further highlighted by strong positive correlations between hiring influences and competency skills indicators. These findings inform curriculum design and workforce readiness initiatives by highlighting the increasing need for comprehensive skill development that combines specialized knowledge with emotional intelligence to meet changing industry demands.
Keywords:, BSBA OJT Students, Hiring decisions, Industry partner experience
Copyright (c) 2025 Allan B. Pleno, LPT, MBA, DBA, Jane Frances R. Espiritu, LPT, MBA, DBA, Jerome L. Dizon, LPT, MBA, Ph.D https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Shortly after the Internet platform became stable, the blogosphere was politicized, weaponized, and the cyber cronies were deployed for a war of all against all (Hobbes, 1968). Specifically, this study investigates first, how information communications technology (ICT) such as the internet and social media have shaped political campaigning. Second, it proposes an assumption relative to the adoption and usage of Internet technology, which is influenced by the distinctive characteristics of different political contexts. The study seeks to address certain knowledge gaps regarding the influence of these technologies on the development of contemporary local campaigns. Since the impact of Internet technology in the formation of public opinion becomes critical in the entire democratic discourse, it becomes urgent to document the evolving landscape of Philippine political communication. Through qualitative data, the research provides significant insights into the effects of Internet technology on the dynamics of political campaigning. Twenty- (21) interviews were conducted in the province of Aklan and eight (8) were conducted in the City of Manila. The coded and sorted data assisted the researcher in the composition of the final report through the generation of related themes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Frederick Rey, Angela Marie Rey https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Art of Opera Design in the Context of the Digital Turn: Culture, Technology, Ethics
The aim of the proposed article is to analyze the impact of digital technologies on the development of opera production design through the prism of culture, technology, and ethics, with particular attention to the Ukrainian context. To achieve this task, a scientific approach with elements of case study has been chosen. Semi-structured interviews with experts (10 individuals) were also conducted. Specific cases include the production of "Turandot" (Lviv, Ukraine), the VR-opera "Atlas" (New York, USA), and "Faust" (Geneva, Switzerland). The results of the study indicate that digital technologies have become a powerful factor that has significantly influenced the content, forms, and ethics of opera productions. The study of the Lviv Opera's "Turandot" showed that digital technologies can be a means of preserving and transforming cultural identity. Thanks to visual references to Ukrainian art, it was possible to create a local artistic context. In contrast, the cases of the productions "Atlas" and "Faust" pointed to a clear trend towards the globalization of stage space art. Technological innovations in productions largely depended on the financial and infrastructural capabilities of the theatres. At the same time, there are several ethical dilemmas. For example, there is the issue of opaque authorship of AI-generated content, and the challenge of technological inequality among viewers. Also, viewers and experts noted the issue of content control in the context of individualized perception. In conclusion, it is emphasized that digital innovations should be implemented as a means of enrichment, not as a replacement for the opera tradition
Copyright (c) 2025 Danylo Zholdak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Shaping Ukraine’s Cultural Image Through Intercultural Dialogue in the Global Information Space
The aim of this study is to analyze the role of intercultural dialogue in the global information space in shaping Ukraine's cultural image. Because qualitative research is most suited for examining intricate and context-dependent processes, like the development of a state's cultural image, this study uses a qualitative design. We were able to pinpoint the key meanings created by different actors, ranging from the media to the planners of cultural events, and define the traits of intercultural discourse thanks to the qualitative approach. The results show that the main components of Ukraine's image are contemporary art (87.5% of mentions), historical memory (77.5%), and traditional culture as a marker of identity (72.5%). They function in synthesis, which indicates the continuity of cultural development from tradition to the present day. Historical traumas, such as the Holodomor and the war, play an important role in contemporary representation. The study also identified five key strategies: cultural relevance, culture of resistance, institutional diplomacy, emotional authenticity, and multimodality. The scientific contribution of the study was to combine approaches from cultural policy, memory studies, and public diplomacy, as well as to broaden the understanding of intercultural dialogue as a form of cultural resistance and the struggle for Ukraine's symbolic recognition at the international level. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of applying the results obtained in the strategic planning of cultural initiatives.
Copyright (c) 2025 Antonina Ivashchuk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Social Media Use and Its Effects on Students’ Digital Well-Being and Academic Performance: A Survey-Based Study
Social media has become an important part of students' daily life, yet its implications on their academic and digital well-being remains as a growing concern. This study sought to investigate the patterns of social media utilization among students at Bulacan State University – Bustos and to ascertain its impact on their digital well-being and academic productivity. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected from 372 students through a structured online questionnaire incorporating both Likert-scale and open-ended statements. Findings indicate that a large portion of respondents engage with social media daily, with 103 respondents spending over 8 hours per day. Additionally, most students utilize social media for academic, social, and entertainment purposes. Additionally, quantitative findings showed that students agreed that social media affects their digital well-being as well as their academic productivity, indicating an agreement that social media impacts study habits, focus, and time management. Quantitative analysis using Welch’s ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation revealed that students who spent more hours on social media reported lower academic productivity and experienced impacts on sleep, stress, and focus. Qualitative findings supported these results, where majority of the respondents answered lack of self-discipline as one of the challenges they face. As a result, it was recommended by the majority that self-discipline must be practiced managing their digital habits better, followed by time management, and having healthy habits and lifestyle. Moreover, the findings underscore the need for educational institutions to promote responsible digital habits through seminars, policy interventions, and support systems that empower students to manage their online behaviour effectively.
social media, social media usage, academic productivity, digital well-being, student behaviour, time management, online habits
Copyright (c) 2025 Anthony Concepcion https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
From Colonial Shadows to Campus Equity: Gender Mainstreaming in Region I’s SUCs
This study aimed to evaluate and analyze the awareness and implementation of gender mainstreaming in State Universities and Colleges (SUCs) in Region I, with the goal of informing a three-year strategic plan. Specifically, it assessed the extent to which SUCs integrate gender-sensitive curricula, gender-responsive research programs, and gender-responsive extension initiatives, while identifying challenges encountered in their implementation. Employing a sequential explanatory mixed methods design, the researcher utilized a validated, researcher-developed questionnaire complemented by one-on-one interviews. The study engaged 382 respondents, comprising school administrators, faculty, non-teaching personnel, and students, for the quantitative phase, and four GAD focal persons for the qualitative phase during the 2022–2023 academic year. Statistical tools such as frequencies and means were used to interpret the data. Findings revealed that respondents were highly aware of gender-responsive academic and institutional programs, and that these were very highly implemented across SUCs. The study culminated in the development of a thematic model and a validated strategic plan to enhance gender mainstreaming efforts. Framed within the broader historical context, the research underscores how contemporary gender initiatives in Region I’s SUCs serve as a progressive response to deeply rooted cultural norms and colonial legacies that once shaped educational and gender structures.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aniza Gadaza, Mark Anthony Latoja https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Enhancing Filipino Major Students' Translation Skills from Southern Leyte Bisaya to Filipino Through Poetry
This study investigates the translation capability of Filipino majors in rendering poems from Southern Leyte Bisaya into Filipino, addressing the challenges posed by the Philippines’ linguistic diversity and the complex issues inherent in literary translation. Guided by Newmark’s translation strategies, the research examines the students’ performance before and after a targeted pedagogical intervention. Initial findings from the pretest reveal a predominant reliance on literal translation, often resulting in loss of nuance, cultural imagery, and poetic rhythm. Following the intervention, however, there is a marked increase in the use of idiomatic and transpositional strategies, reflecting a shift toward more culturally sensitive and contextually faithful translations. The study highlights the critical need for instructional materials that do not only teach translation theory but also promote hands-on application and cultural awareness. Such materials are envisioned to foster a deeper appreciation of regional literature, enabling students to engage more meaningfully with texts that embody the cultural and historical identity of Southern Leyte and similar regions. By cultivating these skills, students can contribute to a more inclusive and representative Philippine literary canon. Furthermore, this research underscores translation as an essential tool for cultural exchange and academic discourse, allowing regional voices to resonate within broader national and scholarly contexts. The proposed instructional framework offers an innovative contribution to the pedagogy of literary translation in Philippine higher education, addressing gaps in current methodologies. Ultimately, this study affirms that effective translation bridges not only languages but also the diverse cultural narratives that define the nation’s literary heritage.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ginalyn Carbolilla https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Cultural and Historical Environmental Influences on Student Mental Health in Online Learning During Global Educational Disruptions
The transition to online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic created unprecedented challenges that deeply affected students’ mental health. Historically, educational disruptions such as the 1918 influenza pandemic demonstrated that the quality of alternative learning arrangements shapes long-term academic and psychological outcomes. Unlike past events, however, the COVID-19 shift occurred in a digitally connected but socioeconomically unequal world. Quantitative results show that 95.3% of students (n = 1,376) experienced psychological distress, with heightened stress, anxiety, and depression. Thematic analysis (n = 229) from interviews, FGDs, and open-ended questionnaires revealed unstable home learning environments, particularly in multi-generational households common in collectivist cultures, which caused distractions and academic fatigue. Technological barriers, including poor internet access and platform overload, further compounded difficulties, especially in rural or disadvantaged areas. Culturally, online learning disrupted peer networks and instructor relationships that typically serve as vital sources of motivation and emotional support. Social isolation and reduced face-to-face interaction intensified loneliness and disconnection. Historical inequalities in educational infrastructure magnified these issues in communities with limited digital access. Students adopted coping strategies such as maintaining routines, seeking family and peer support, and engaging in physical activities. Overall, findings underscore that unstructured environmental factors exerted a stronger influence on mental health than course content. The study highlights the importance of culturally responsive interventions, equitable access to technology, and sustained social connections in strengthening students’ resilience in online learning contexts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Helene Daya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Beyond the Literal: An AI-Driven Connotative and Cultural Discourse Analysis of Florante at Laura
Florante at Laura, the magnum opus of Francisco Balagtas, remains a cornerstone of Philippine literature, embodying the richness of language, values, and cultural heritage. Prescribed by the Department of Education as a Grade 8 core text, this 19th-century metrical romance continues to shape students’ appreciation of classical works. This study aims to deepen learners’ understanding of Florante at Laura by uncovering the connotative meanings within its verses. Beyond literal interpretation, it employs Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools to analyze selected chapters, stanzas, and lines, revealing symbolism, emotions, and cultural references often overlooked in traditional readings. Through AI-enhanced linguistic and semantic analysis, the research identifies nuanced interpretations such as implicit social commentaries, allegorical depictions of justice and morality, and subtle portrayals of love and patriotism—hallmarks of Balagtas’ artistry. This approach not only supports teachers in delivering more engaging lessons but also enables students to recognize the historical and socio-political undertones that influenced the text. By merging classical literary study with modern technology, the study makes Florante at Laura more accessible and relevant to contemporary learners. Ultimately, findings highlight the potential of AI in enriching literature education, enhancing interpretive skills, and fostering cultural literacy. By unveiling hidden connotative layers, the study reaffirms the poem’s enduring significance as a reflection of Filipino identity, struggles, and ideals, bridging the past with the present in meaningful ways.
Copyright (c) 2025 Riza Lacerna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Cultural and Historical Dimensions of Generative AI in Higher Education: Impacts on Workforce Productivity and Job Satisfaction in a Philippine State University
This study investigates the cultural and historical contexts influencing the integration of generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools into the daily professional routines of faculty and staff at Pangasinan State University. Using a qualitative, phenomenological approach, it examines AI’s role in productivity, job satisfaction, workplace dynamics, and the preservation of academic values in a collectivist cultural setting deeply rooted in Philippine educational traditions. Semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs) provided insights into the benefits, challenges, and ethical considerations surrounding AI adoption. Findings reveal that AI reduces workload, supports research, and improves workflow management, but raises concerns about job security, creative autonomy, and the erosion of culturally embedded mentorship roles. The study highlights the need for AI integration strategies that respect historical roles of educators as cultural transmitters, supported by institutional training, ethical guidelines, and policies. This research contributes to the discourse on AI in higher education by situating technological adoption within the socio-cultural and historical realities of state universities in the Philippines.
Copyright (c) 2025 Josephine Diadid-Reyes https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Teaching Mathematics through Traditional Weaving Patterns: A Cultural Heritage Integration Model
This study investigated the integration of cultural heritage into mathematics instruction by incorporating traditional weaving patterns as pedagogical tools. Conducted at Apayao State College, it examined how weaving designs, embedded with geometric concepts such as symmetry, tessellation, and transformations, could contextualize mathematics learning while fostering problem-solving, creativity, engagement, and cultural appreciation. Guided by a sequential mixed-methods, design-based research framework, the study unfolded in three phases: (1) documentation of local weaving knowledge and its mathematical structures, (2) co-design of a weaving-integrated instructional unit with teachers and community weavers, and (3) classroom implementation with first-year college students (n = 62). Data collection involved pre- and post-tests, performance tasks, surveys, observations, teacher logs, and focus group discussions. Quantitative findings showed a 21-point mean gain in the experimental group compared to 6 points in the control group (p < .01; Cohen’s d = 0.68), indicating the effectiveness of weaving-based instruction in enhancing conceptual understanding. Students rated the lessons as highly engaging (M = 4.5/5) and culturally relevant (M = 4.7/5), with superior performance in problem-solving and creativity. Qualitative results revealed that students appreciated recognizing mathematics in cultural artifacts, experienced reduced anxiety toward the subject, and expressed pride in their heritage. Despite challenges such as limited materials, both teachers and students demonstrated resourcefulness. The study concludes that weaving-integrated mathematics instruction effectively bridges abstract concepts and cultural practices, enhancing learning outcomes while supporting cultural preservation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Luningning Arribay https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Culture of Cramming: A Sociocultural Inquiry into Academic Survival Strategies among Filipino Students
This study investigates the frequency, functions, and sociocultural drivers of cramming as an academic survival strategy among Filipino senior high school students. Anchored on Cognitive Load Theory and sociocultural perspectives, the research employs a mixed-methods approach involving 154 Grade 12 students at Mindanao State University – Buug Campus. Quantitative data reveal that cramming occurs “sometimes” to “seldom” across various indicators, with emotional stress reported “often” during last-minute academic work. Despite these behaviors, the average academic performance of students remains within the “Very Satisfactory” range (M = 85.50). Correlation analysis indicates no statistically significant relationship between cramming frequency and academic performance (r = -0.0657, p > .05). Thematic analysis of open-ended responses reveals that personal distractions (e.g., social media, procrastination), family responsibilities, and school-related pressures contribute to cramming behavior. These findings highlight cramming not merely as a time management issue but as a culturally embedded coping mechanism shaped by the learners’ social, economic, and institutional environments. The study underscores the need for educational reforms that promote time regulation, learner engagement, and psychosocial support to address both the behavioral and contextual roots of cramming in the Philippine academic setting.
Copyright (c) 2025 Artmarc Aleta, Michelle Gerardo, Ivy Amante, Shem Cedeño, Alven Bolotaolo, Potri Riham Arabia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Understanding Sociocultural Beliefs and Practices on Antimicrobial Resistance among the Health Workers of Lakewood, Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is shaped by social, cultural, behavioral, and economic factors influencing the misuse and overuse of antibiotics. This study used a descriptive qualitative design to examine knowledge, cultural beliefs, and health-seeking behaviors related to antibiotics in Lakewood, Zamboanga del Sur. Twenty participants joined focus group discussions, 14 from Barangay Poblacion and six from Barangay Bag-ong Kahayag, composed of barangay health workers and nutrition scholars. Four key informants, including three pharmacists and one physician, were also interviewed. Findings showed that most respondents understood only the general use of antibiotics and the need for a doctor’s prescription. However, pharmacists noted that some clients insisted on obtaining antibiotics without prescriptions, and these requests were occasionally accommodated. Many participants preferred alternative remedies such as sinew-sinaw, lagundi, and guava leaves, using antibiotics only when traditional treatments failed. Awareness of the link between antibiotic overuse and resistance was limited. The results suggest that inappropriate antibiotic use cannot be explained solely by lack of knowledge. Cultural norms, economic limitations, and entrenched practices in prescribing and self-medication also play a role. Addressing AMR therefore requires not only public education but also culturally sensitive and community-based interventions that consider the broader socio-cultural context of health-seeking behaviors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rovy Banguis, Sheila Magaloma, Jennifer Castillano, Grace Taruc, Monalinda Doro, Beverly Amparo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Preserving Heritage Through Leisure: An Ethnographic Exploration of Recreational Activities and Cultural Dances in Isabela
This study documented and analyzed the traditional recreational activities and cultural dances of selected communities in Isabela, Philippines, as vital expressions of intangible cultural heritage. Using a qualitative ethnographic design, it aimed to (1) describe these practices, (2) examine their role in heritage preservation, and (3) analyze their socio-cultural meanings. Fieldwork in three municipalities known for cultural festivities employed participant observation, interviews, and focus group discussions with elders, practitioners, youth, and local historians. Data were thematically analyzed and validated through triangulation and member checking. Findings showed that recreational activities such as patintero, tumbang preso, pabitin, and sungka served not only as games but also as informal spaces for teaching cooperation, respect, and intergenerational solidarity. Cultural dances, including Gaddang and Ibanag courtship and harvest dances, were revealed as living narratives of identity, reflecting agrarian life, family honor, and thanksgiving rituals. These traditions remain resilient through adaptation, with schools and barangays integrating them into projects, festivals, and even modernized performances. Nonetheless, challenges such as migration, digital entertainment, and declining youth participation threaten continuity. Adaptive strategies like school-based inclusion and blending traditional with contemporary forms help sustain relevance while preserving authenticity. The study concludes that Isabela’s recreational activities and dances transcend entertainment, serving as heritage vessels that sustain cultural memory, foster community pride, and embody resilience. It emphasizes the urgent need for culturally grounded policies and educational initiatives to safeguard these living traditions for future generations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jonathan Roque https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Cultural and Academic Challenges of Foreign Students: A Documentation Towards Internationalization Policy Development
The internationalization of higher education has positioned the Philippines as a growing academic destination for foreign students. However, the cultural and academic challenges they encounter remain underexplored, particularly in the context of regional higher education institutions. This study comprehensively documented the experiences of foreign graduate students at Mariano Marcos State University (MMSU), focusing on cultural barriers, academic difficulties, and coping mechanisms. Guided by qualitative inquiry, semi-structured interviews were conducted with Chinese students to capture their lived realities of adaptation and integration. Findings revealed that cultural challenges included language barriers, social isolation, and limited intercultural interaction, which often hindered students’ sense of belonging. Academic challenges were also evident in curriculum alignment, instructional delivery, and assessment practices that were not always responsive to international students’ needs. Despite these difficulties, participants demonstrated resilience by employing coping strategies such as peer collaboration, improvisation of resources, and reliance on cultural practices to navigate their academic journey. The study highlights the importance of developing institutional policies and practices that are culturally responsive, supportive, and inclusive. It further underscores the need for improved faculty preparation, enhanced student services, and curriculum reforms aligned with global standards while remaining sensitive to local cultural contexts. By documenting these challenges and strategies, the study provides critical insights that can inform CHED and HEI internationalization policies, ensuring that Philippine universities move beyond policy rhetoric toward more inclusive and globally competitive educational practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Imelda Najorda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0